Cities

• Cities
• Population
• Improvements
• Expansions
• Trade Routes

Cities are the backbone of an empire. They are the primary generators of FIDSI, the production hubs for units and city improvements, and a city must be founded in a region before you can claim it as your own and start exploiting it's resources (with some exceptions).

FIDSI Production

FIDSI ( Food, Industry, Dust, Science, and Influence) are produced every turn in cities by three main routes: exploited Terrain tiles, City Improvements, or the assignment of Population.

FIDS is produced every turn for a city through all exploited Terrain tiles. A tile is exploited by the city if there is a District built on the tile, or if the tile is adjacent to a District. The Cultists can exploit tiles from Minor Faction Villages and their adjacent tiles through their "Conversion" Faction Trait, and this exploited output contributes to the output of their capital. Note that Terrain tiles that reside beyond the boundary of a region cannot be exploited by a city in that region. Also note that, while both the tiles on and adjacent to districts are exploited by cities, only the tiles adjacent to a city are considered "Exploitation" for the purposes of city improvements such as Plow Factory.

City Improvements can be built within a city to further increase the production of FIDSI, usually by the following means: a flat bonus, a percentage based bonus, a Terrain tile based bonus, or a Population-based bonus. Most improvements require a specific Technology to be available. Also, most of the non-Dust producing Improvements have a Dust upkeep cost, which is subtracted from your Empire's total Dust every turn.

Individual Population Units can be manually assigned within a city to further increase FIDSI for a specific resource. For a new city, each unit of population can increase the per-turn production of FIDS by 4, and Influence by 2 due to the City Hall improvement built upon founding a city. City Improvements and Heroes can further increase these amounts.

Population

Each city begins with a population of 1, and additional population grows with accumulated food production. There are additional sources of bonus population:

• Each pacified (and rebuilt) minor faction village in the region grants +1 bonus population unit. This also includes converted villages.
• The Chapel of Auriga grants +1 bonus per pacified village in the same region.
• The Golem Camp grants +1 bonus .

Bonus population can be assigned to work and produce FIDSI; however, they are not counted as actual population for purposes of growth, food consumption, unlocking Districts, or other effects that depend on the number of in the city. Thematically they are considered population that migrate to the city to work, but do not live in the city itself.

Population Growth

Each population in a city consumes 2 per turn. A city's food surplus (production minus consumption) is added to its growth stock. When the growth stock reaches a certain threshold, it will grow an additional population unit. Likewise a food deficit will be subtracted from the city's growth stock, and if the growth stock falls below a threshold the city will lose a .

The threshold amounts are calculated with the following formulas:

Game Speed	Limit for next
Normal	1 + 5 * 2.75
Fast	1 + 2.5 * 2.75

Note that the Allayi require twice as much per due to their "We Chosen Few" trait.

Food Threshold for Growth

Population	Normal game speed		Fast game speed
	Threshold	on step	Threshold	on step
1	0	0	0	0
2	34	34	17	17
3	103	69	51	34
4	227	125	114	62
5	418	191	209	95
6	691	273	346	137
7	1 055	364	528	182
8	1 523	468	762	234
9	2 105	582	1 053	291
10	2 813	707	1 406	354
11	3 655	843	1 828	421
12	4 643	988	2 322	494
13	5 786	1 143	2 893	572
14	7 094	1 308	3 547	654
15	8 576	1 482	4 288	741
16	10 241	1 665	5 121	833
17	12 099	1 858	6 049	929
18	14 158	2 059	7 079	1 030
19	16 427	2 269	8 214	1 135
20	18 916	2 488	9 458	1 244

Broken Lords

Due to their "Appetite for Dust" trait, the Broken Lords cannot use in any way, and so their population grows instead by manually purchasing new with . The cost to purchase new is determined both by the specific city's population, as well as the total population of the Empire. The cost to buy a new unit of population is as follows:

Cost of +1 = 50 * (city )^1.1 + 2 * (empire )^1.1

Using Population

population may be assigned to produce FIDSI in the upper right part of the City panel, in the FIDSI table ("Workers"). Workers may be assigned freely, giving the city some flexibility in changing its production, for example industry in the early game or food in Winter to prevent starvation. In particular, workers usually produce the vast majority of an empire's influence.

There are many effects that boost per- FIDSI production. FIDSI from population is considered part of a city's base FIDSI production and is multiplied by percentage bonuses like the Empire Mint.

A second major benefit of population is unlocking Districts. For most factions, every 2 unlocks the ability to build a new district. The exceptions are the Necrophages and the Allayi, who can build a new district every due to Cellulose Mutation and Garth of the Allayi, respectively.

City Development

Over the course of the game, effectively developing the cities you found is one of the most important tasks you will have to do. While most of this is dependent on building City Improvements and Expansions, there are also a few other things to take into account when planning and building your city.

City Improvements

City Improvements provide a variety of different bonuses to the City they are built in, usually focusing on a specific area, whether that be one of the FIDSI resources, military might, or something else. Most city improvements are unlocked by researching the respective technology, but there are a few that are unlocked by quests or Blessings. City improvements make up the lion's share of city development, but since they simply come into effect upon completion, it is simply a matter of deciding which improvements to build in what order. As with Population, it is generally recommended to built improvements that improve a city's first, as this will make the construction of all improvements afterwards quicker. A list of all City Improvements built in a city can be seen by clicking the "Browse" button on a selected city's City Info panel, and city improvements may also be destroyed from this screen if the improvement's upkeep is outweighing the benefits it provides.

Expansions

Expansions are the second major part of city development, and fall into the two sub-categories of Districts and Regional Buildings. Regional Buildings are buildings like Resource Extractors and Towers, and are fairly simple strategically speaking; there are places in every region where these buildings can be placed, and as soon as the necessary technology to build them has been unlocked, those buildings can be places on those locations, regardless of how far they are from the city.

Districts, on the other hand, are what makes up the city's physical presence on the map, and require a little more planning to be utilized effectively. When selecting a location to found a city, it should generally have a good balance of FIDSI output, room to grow, and appealing terrain to grow towards. For example, it is almost always a bad idea to found a city against a region's border, since this will not only reduce the number of tiles the city is exploiting right from the start, but it will also limit the city's ability to expand greatly. Ruins and Villages should also be taken into account, since districts cannot be placed on tiles occupied by either of these structures.

Next, once you actually begin building districts, it's important to remember that every district will level up, providing additional benefits, if they are surrounded by four other districts of the same or greater level. Generally the most effective district layout are those that leave the least number of districts at level 1 while getting as many other districts upgraded as possible. This also has a big impact on a city's approval, since Level 1 of both Borough Streets and Garth of the Allayi reduce a city's approval, but their Level 2 versions increase it. But in some cases (e.g. to placed Ardent Mages Pillars), you may want to create a layout that is an effective compromise between amount of exploitation tiles and high-level districts.

Among the most effective layouts are:

• Stick: Two-tile wide line.
• Broken Rod: Based on "Stick" layout, but move the last district in the end one step away allowing to grab another exploitation tile. Break the end you don't want to expand.
• Triangles and pyramids.
• Triangle Tiling: Matching triangles with vertices. Allows to make shapes with turns

• 

  City layouts
• 

  Ardent Mage city layouts
• 

  Ardent Mage city layouts 2

Finally, certain unique districts that can only be built once in a city have limitations on where they can be placed, such as:

• Cargo Docks which can only be placed on coastal waters or ocean with exploitation.
• Abbey of Anomalies which can only be placed on anomalies
• Strategic Intensifier which can only be placed on strategic resource deposit
• Luxury Intensifier which can only be placed on luxury resource deposit

While these districts are usually not available to build until later in the game, it is wise to plan for their placement ahead of time, such as leaving a particularly good anomaly undeveloped for a while so that the Abbey can be placed there, or building towards a sea tile on the region's coast that has 4 land tiles around it so that the Cargo Docks can be upgraded to level 2.

Trade Routes

Trade Routes passively produce Dust and Science, but require some work to establish. The first step in creating trade routes is to research Imperial Highways or Cargo Docks. These technologies allow the Right of Way or Cargo Docks improvements to be built, which allow cities to be connected by land or by sea respectively. Two cities are connected by land if they are in adjacent regions and have both built the Right of Way improvement. Two cities are connected by sea if they border the same ocean and have both built the Cargo Docks improvement in that ocean. Additionally, if two cities are connected by land or by sea to a third city, then they are also connected themselves. This means that two cities may be connected via a complicated series of alternating land and sea routes.

Further details on how Trade Routes work and how to improve them can be found on the Trade Routes page.

Governors

Heroes can be assigned as the Governor of a city, which can provide a large bonus to the city's production depending on the Hero. Many heroes have Capacities which can increase the FIDSI output of a city, either by an increasing the "per " bonus for a specific resource in the case of "Efficiency" capacities, or providing a base amount per the hero's level of a given resource in the case of "Boost" capacities. For either type of capacity, there is also a +1% modifier per the hero's level for the specified resource on the city, making high-level heroes a huge boon to a city's production.

Heroes also have access to a number of Skills that can increase a city's performance, either through the "Common" branch or the "Faction" branch; the "Class" branch only ever consists of Army skills. While all heroes have access to the skills in the "Common" branch, which provides a few general benefits to the city, each of the factions has their own "Faction" branch which often has city skills that align with that particular faction's 'themes', so to speak. For example, the Wild Walkers faction branch has skills that focus on improving Industry and reducing production costs, while the Vaulters faction branch focuses on Science and defenses. It should be noted that the "Faction" branch is not always best-suited to governors, and some Faction branches are better than others; for example, the Morgawr faction branch is much more focused on making the hero an effective naval general than governor.

Finally, Governors can be equipped with Accessories to help provide an even greater bonus to cities. Nearly all accessories that help in this way are of the Tome variety, and while most provide an additional "per " bonus for a specific resource on the city, there are others that have different functions, such as increasing the XP granted to recruited units or the security on a city.

Approval

Approval is a measure of the happiness of your people. It is tracked on both the level of individual cities, and the empire as a whole. Faction traits, City Improvements, Hero capacities, and Skills, can all generate Approval. Alternatively, Disapproval is generated by settling new cities (called Expansion Disapproval), building new city borough, and sieging armies. Approval yields a direct percentage modifier to the amount of FIDS generated by an empire's cities.

Empire-level approval is a weighted average over all cities by population, and affects the total production of Science and Dust from every city.

State	Approval	, Modifier
Rebellion	0 - 10	-50%
Unhappy	20 - 39	-20%
Content	40 - 59	+0%
Happy	60 - 89	+15%
Fervent	90 - 100	+30%

City-level approval effects the production of Food and Industry for the individual city.

State	Approval	, Modifier
Rebellion	0 - 10	-50%
Unhappy	20 - 39	-20%
Content	40 - 59	+0%
Happy	60 - 89	+15%
Fervent	90 - 100	+30%

Defending and Capturing Cities

Since cities are arguably the most important part of an empire - after all, you can't have an empire with no cities - it is also important to know how to prevent your cities from being taken by others, and maybe take a few of your own in kind.

City Defense

Fortification

One of the most important parts of defending your city is Fortification. In the event that an army attacks your city, any units garrisoned in that city will receive an amount of bonus HP equal to the of your city; so if your city has 100 , then every unit garrisoned there will receive an extra 100 if the city is attacked. This bonus health is tracked separately from the unit's own health, and is shown as a white section of the unit's health bar above the section of the faction's color. Any health lost from the bonus doesn't affect the health total of the unit, losing health from this bonus doesn't decrease the city's total, and the bonus gets re-applied at the start of each battle, making the units in a city with full significantly harder to kill, and as a result makes the city much harder to capture. Note, however, that this bonus only applies to defensive battles. Units from a city that are called upon as reinforcements - even if the battle they are reinforcing is with an army sieging the city - will not receive the fortification bonus.

If you play with the Endless Legend Community Patch, there is a new rule-set for how Fortification Armor works: If either the attacking or the attacked army (or both) are on a City or Exploitation Tile, Fortification Armor gets applied to all defending armies on a City Tile but not to reinforcements outside the city. See this image for a graphic explanation. This alternate rule-set is optional and can be switched off in the Advanced Game Settings.

All cities start with a base amount of 100 due to the City Hall improvement built upon founding the city, but your Empire's capital city receives an additional 50 from the Palace improvement, also built automatically when the city is founded. After this, the most common way to increase a city's is by building Borough Streets (or Garth of the Allayi for the Allayi), as they provide an additional 20 for each level after the first. However, there are a number of methods to increase a city's fortification that are quicker and more effective than working to get a district to level 2.

City Improvements

Does not include City Hall or Palace. Most of these improvements have additional effects, but only those that increase a city's maximum Fortification have been listed.

Name	Faction	Obtained			Upkeep	Effects
Stronghold Architecture	All	Era I	75			+100 Fortification on City
Defensive Wards	All	Era II	600	5	4	+30 Fortification per on City Can only be built once in your Empire
Imperial Kennels	All	Era III	600	5	1	+200 Fortification on City
Materials Hoard	All	Era III	600	5	1	+100 Fortification on City
Koni School of Elite Riders	Kapaku	Faction Quest	800	20	6	+100 Fortification on City Can only be built once in your Empire
Strength of the Vault	Vaulters	Era III	250	10	1	+100 Fortification on City The cost indicates that the Holy Resource has to be chosen
Military Reserves	All	Era V	2000	10 5	2	+400 Fortification on City

Heroes

A hero assigned to a city as governor can provide a few boosts to Fortification through capacities and skills, though these are much less common than hero abilities that increase the output of FIDSI. There are only two heroes that have a capacity that increases a city's Fortification, Iracu and Sclera, who have the Fortification Boost 2 and 3 capacities, respectively. Fortification Boost 2 provides +20 Fortification per Hero's level on City, while Fortification Boost 3 provides +30 Fortification per Hero's level on City, and both provide +1% Fortification per Hero's level on City.

Across all the different skill trees, there is only one skill that increases a city's fortifications. In the Common branch, the Tier 3 "Defender" skill grants +50 Fortification on City for levels 1 and 2 of the skill, and +100 Fortification on City for level 3.

Resource Boosters

The Emeralds Luxury Resource booster provides +30% on Cities when active.

Fortification Recovery

As well-fortified as your city might be, those fortifications can be worn down. One of the effects of a city being sieged is that its fortifications are chipped away every turn by an amount equal to Fortification Damage value of the sieging army/armies. Fortification Damage will be covered in the section on sieging cities, but for now it is important to know two things: a city's fortifications can be reduced, but they will also regenerate back to their maximum if the city is not being sieged. The amount of a city regains each turn is called Fortification Recovery, and is 8 per turn to start with, but this can be increased by City Improvements and one skill in the Vaulters faction skill tree: Subterranean Networker, which increases the Fortification Recovery of a city by +4 per turn for level 1 of the skill, and by +8 per turn for level 2 and 3.

The following City Improvements increase a city's Fortification Recovery. Most of these improvements have additional effects, but only those that increase a city's Fortification Recovery have been listed.

Name	Faction	Obtained			Upkeep	Effects
Stronghold Architecture	All	Era I	75			+2 (+6 with ELCP) Fortification Recovery per turn on City
Materials Hoard	All	Era III	600	5	1	+10 (+20 with ELCP) Fortification Recovery per turn on City
Koni School of Elite Riders	Kapaku	Faction Quest	800	20	6	+10 (+20 with ELCP) Fortification Recovery per turn on City Can only be built once in your Empire
Strength of the Vault	Vaulters	Era III	250	10	1	+5 (+15 with ELCP) Fortification Recovery per turn on City The cost indicates that the Holy Resource has to be chosen
Military Reserves	All	Era V	2000	10 5	2	+4 (+40 with ELCP) Fortification Recovery per turn on City

Note: With ELCP Emeralds also grant +50% Fortification Recovery per turn on all Cities.

Retaliation

Retaliation Damage is a way to use a City's Fortification as an offensive resource as well as a defensive one. There are only a few ways to make use of Retaliation, all of which must first be unlocked through acquiring the associated Blessing, and then have an additional Pearl cost.

In order to get Retaliation Damage on a City, you must build the Ward of Auriga in the city, which costs 600 and 30 . Upon building the Ward of Auriga, 0.5 points of Retaliation Damage per point of Fortification will be dealt at the start of the turn to any and all unfriendly (not at peace or in alliance) armies on the city's exploitation tiles. So, for example, if a city with 500 has the Ward of Auriga built in it, it will automatically deal 250 spread evenly across all unfriendly units adjacent to it. This amount can be further increased by equipping the city's governor with the Tome of Auriga's Wrath, which gives the equipped hero the Retaliation Boost capacity, increasing the city's Retaliation by 10% per the hero's level.

A more indirect way of protecting a city with Retaliation is through the Tower of Truth and Tower of Fidelity defensive towers. These towers can be built in place of Watchtowers, and while they have a reduced vision range compared to Watchtowers and do not provide health regen for friendly armies, they will deal Retaliation Damage to any unfriendly units within their vision range. The amount dealt is also determined by the tower's Fortification, with the amount being equal to 0.3 per for the Tower of Truth, and 0.5 per for the Tower of Fidelity.

Garrisons and Militia

A city is captured when an enemy army attacks a city that defeats all its defending units in battle, or if they attack a city that has no units in it, regardless of how much Fortification the city has. As such, it is important to make sure that the city always has some units in it to defend it. To that end there is the city garrison and the city Militia.

Every city has a garrison that is able to house a number of units within it equal to the Empire's max army size (4 by default, but can be increased by 2 by the Meritocratic Promotion and Signal Corps technologies), and these units will be called upon to defend the city they are in if an enemy army attacks the city, and will benefit from the bonus Health provided by the city's Fortification in such a scenario. Units that are garrisoned are also slightly cheaper to maintain, as they are not considered an active "army", and so that cost no longer applies to their upkeep, making garrisoned units 4-8 cheaper to maintain, depending on max army size.

The city's Militia, on the other hand, are units that the city automatically generates and maintains within the city. Every city starts with 2 Militia units by default, but this can be increased by 1 via the Infantry Cantina and Military Reserves technologies. Militia units do not count towards the number of units in the city's garrison, but cannot leave the city, cannot be made manually, and cannot have their design modified; Militia units simply carry the most advanced Iron or Dust Longspear available, and no armor or accessories. Militia are moderately weak compared to other units in the game, and the inability to wear armor or use advanced weapons can make them much weaker compared to an army of units that is fully-equipped, so while Militia may be able to hold off an attacking army from capturing a city for a little while, it is generally best to either train new units in the city to support the Militia or call in reinforcements from elsewhere to deal with an army sieging a city. If Militia are killed in combat, a new unit will be trained to take their place a few turns after.

Capturing Cities

Sieging Cities

When a city is under siege, the following penalties come into effect.

1. Exploitation tiles are no longer productive; only tiles with Districts and the city center bring FIDS.
2. All the region buildings outside the city are disabled due to the loss of their connection with the city; their vision range is also set to 0. The region buildings within a district are still active.
3. The city cannot build any more region buildings.
4. Science and Dust production are halved.
5. The besieged city suffers from a loss of Approval.
6. Units within a besieged city or on a city tile have their regeneration disabled.
7. Each turn, the battle between the sieging army and the garrison must be resolved before any army outside the area can attack the sieging army.
8. Each turn the city loses fortification points equal to the siege strength of the besieger. Once the fortification is reduced to 0, units within the city garrison or on a city tile lose health each turn in proportion to the siege strength.
9. The Governor (Hero) of a besieged city gains more experience.

As such, sieging a city is useful as not only a way to soften them up to be captured, but also to prevent the city's current owner from fully benefiting from the city and preventing them from building Expansions, which can be useful at times; e.g. sieging a city where the owner is trying to build the Industrial Megapole so that you can build it for yourself before they have a chance to break the siege and finish it.

Fortification Damage

Armies have an attribute called Fortification Damage, which is the damage that army does to a city or regional building's Fortification at the end of each turn when sieging or pillaging, respectively. The amount of Fortification Damage an army deals is equal to the number of units plus the total level of all units in the army, including heroes. For example, an army of 4 level-2 units with a level-3 hero leading it would have 16 ; 5 from the number of units, and 11 from the total level of all units.

For accessories, there are two types that increase a unit's , the set of Glassteel Insignias added by the Shadows expansion, and the Adamantian Talismans. The Insignias - like all insignias - can only be equipped by heroes, and give the equipped hero the Faster Pillage 1, 2, or 3 capacity depending on what tier of the Insignia is equipped. Faster Pillage 1 grants +1 , Faster Pillage 2 grants +2, and Faster Pillage 3 grants +3. As the name suggests, although these accessories can be obtained earlier, they are really only intended to be used for Pillaging, as the effect they have on a city's fortification is nominal.

On the other hand, the Adamantian Talismans can be equipped on any land unit, and grants the equipped unit with the City Breaker 1, 2, or 3 capacity depending on the tier of the accessory. City Breaker 1 grants +4 , City Breaker 2 grants +8 , and City Breaker 3 grants +12 , making these accessories much more powerful on a single unit, but also more powerful overall since they can be equipped on an entire Army. This does, however, come at the cost of a great deal of Adamantian, as the base cost for Tier 1, 2, and 3 of this accessory are 6 , 12 , and 24 respectively.

Additionally, the Broken Lords hero skill "Siege Engine" grants +2 Fortification Damage on units for level 1 and 2 of the skill, and +4 for level 3.

Finally, while most Naval units cannot siege cities, the Artillery Ship can due to their "Coastal Bombardment" Army Action. In addition to the base 2 that all other units share, Artillery Ships may also equip the Trebuchet weapon, which grants the City Breaker 1 through 4 capacities, depending on the item's tier, with City Breaker 4 granting +24 .

Ownership

Each faction has an ownership rating for a given city. When a city is captured, the capturing faction's ownership will start at 0% and gradually increase (8% per turn on Normal Game Speed) while the previous controlling faction's ownership will decrease at the same time.

A city below full (100%) ownership suffers a number of penalties:

• Its Approval is capped at the ownership rating, reducing its productivity.
• Certain special actions, like Salting the Earth, cannot be performed.

Additionally, if the previous faction re-captures the city, they will start at their current ownership, making it potentially much faster for them to recover control.

There are a two modifiers to ownership recovery:

• The Roving Clans hero skill Fleet on the Street increases ownership gain in a governed city, by 100% and 50% per level, respectively.
• The Allayi faction trait We Chosen Few increases their ownership gain by +100% in all cities.